肝脓肿介入治疗辽宁专家共识（2022）

【摘要】 介入联合抗生素已成为肝脓肿的主要治疗手段，但临床工作中仍存在诸多治疗难点且缺乏治疗规范。本共识对肝脓肿介入治疗的适应证及禁忌证、介入治疗操作细节、并发症防治和特殊情况下介入治疗策略进行归纳和说明，并阐述肝脓肿形成原因、危险因素、抗生素选择和预防措施等，旨在为广大临床工作者提供肝脓肿介入治疗的有益指导。     

A Stacked Generalization of 3D Orthogonal Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks for Improved Detection of White Matter Hyperintensities in 3D FLAIR Images

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Accurate and reliable detection of white matter hyperintensities and their volume quantification can provide valuable clinical information to assess neurologic disease progression. In this work, a stacked generalization ensemble of orthogonal 3D convolutional neural networks, StackGen-Net, is explored for improving automated detection of white matter hyperintensities in 3D T2-FLAIR images.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Individual convolutional neural networks in StackGen-Net were trained on 2.5D patches from orthogonal reformatting of 3D-FLAIR (n = 21) to yield white matter hyperintensity posteriors. A meta convolutional neural network was trained to learn the functional mapping from orthogonal white matter hyperintensity posteriors to the final white matter hyperintensity prediction. The impact of training data and architecture choices on white matter hyperintensity segmentation performance was systematically evaluated on a test cohort (n = 9). The segmentation performance of StackGen-Net was compared with state-of-the-art convolutional neural network techniques on an independent test cohort from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-3 (n = 20).RESULTS:StackGen-Net outperformed individual convolutional neural networks in the ensemble and their combination using averaging or majority voting. In a comparison with state-of-the-art white matter hyperintensity segmentation techniques, StackGen-Net achieved a significantly higher Dice score (0.76 [SD, 0.08], F1-lesion (0.74 [SD, 0.13]), and area under precision-recall curve (0.84 [SD, 0.09]), and the lowest absolute volume difference (13.3% [SD, 9.1%]). StackGen-Net performance in Dice scores (median = 0.74) did not significantly differ (P = .22) from interobserver (median = 0.73) variability between 2 experienced neuroradiologists. We found no significant difference (P = .15) in white matter hyperintensity lesion volumes from StackGen-Net predictions and ground truth annotations.CONCLUSIONS:A stacked generalization of convolutional neural networks, utilizing multiplanar lesion information using 2.5D spatial context, greatly improved the segmentation performance of StackGen-Net compared with traditional ensemble techniques and some state-of-the-art deep learning models for 3D-FLAIR.

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) correspond to pathologic features of axonal degeneration, demyelination, and gliosis observed within cerebral white matter.¹ Clinically, the extent of WMHs in the brain has been associated with cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, and increased risk of stroke.^2,3 The detection and quantification of WMH volumes to monitor lesion burden evolution and its correlation with clinical outcomes have been of interest in clinical research.^4,5 Although the extent of WMHs can be visually scored,⁶ the categoric nature of such scoring systems makes quantitative evaluation of disease progression difficult. Manually segmenting WMHs is tedious, prone to inter- and intraobserver variability, and is, in most cases, impractical. Thus, there is an increased interest in developing fast, accurate, and reliable computer-aided automated techniques for WMH segmentation.Convolutional neural network (CNN)-based approaches have been successful in several semantic segmentation tasks in medical imaging.⁷ Recent works have proposed using deep learning–based methods for segmenting WMHs using 2D-FLAIR images.^8-11 More recently, a WMH segmentation challenge¹² was also organized (http://wmh.isi.uu.nl/) to facilitate comparison of automated segmentation of WMHs of presumed vascular origin in 2D multislice T2-FLAIR images. Architectures that used an ensemble of separately trained CNNs showed promising results in this challenge, with 3 of the top 5 winners using ensemble-based techniques.¹²Conventional 2D-FLAIR images are typically acquired with thick slices (3–4 mm) and possible slice gaps. Partial volume effects from a thick slice are likely to affect the detection of smaller lesions, both in-plane and out-of-plane. 3D-FLAIR images, with isotropic resolution, have been shown to achieve higher resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio¹³ and have shown promising results in MS lesion detection using 3D CNNs.¹⁴ Additionally, the isotropic resolution enables viewing and evaluation of the images in multiple planes. This multiplanar reformatting of 3D-FLAIR without the use of interpolating kernels is only possible due to the isotropic nature of the acquisition. Network architectures that use information from the 3 orthogonal views have been explored in recent works for CNN-based segmentation of 3D MR imaging data.¹⁵ The use of data from multiple planes allows more spatial context during training without the computational burden associated with full 3D training.¹⁶ The use of 3 orthogonal views simultaneously mirrors how humans approach this segmentation task.Ensembles of CNNs have been shown to average away the variances in the solution and the choice of model- and configuration-specific behaviors of CNNs.¹⁷ Traditionally, the solutions from these separately trained CNNs are combined by averaging or using a majority consensus. In this work, we propose the use of a stacked generalization framework (StackGen-Net) for combining multiplanar lesion information from 3D CNN ensembles to improve the detection of WMH lesions in 3D-FLAIR. A stacked generalization¹⁸ framework learns to combine solutions from individual CNNs in the ensemble. We systematically evaluated the performance of this framework and compared it with traditional ensemble techniques, such as averaging or majority voting, and state-of-the-art deep learning techniques.     

女阴硬化性苔藓诊疗专家共识

【摘要】 女阴硬化性苔藓是一种反复发作的慢性炎症性疾病，几乎各年龄阶段均可发生，绝经期、围绝经期和青春期前女性更常见。典型损害为象牙白/瓷白色硬化萎缩斑，晚期可发生外阴、尿道、肛门结构畸变，造成性生活、排尿及排便困难。中国医疗保健国际交流促进会皮肤科分会组织多位专家在借鉴国内外临床研究和诊疗指南的基础上，补充了中国专家的经验和观点，制定女阴硬化性苔藓中国专家共识。     

Physiological determinants of residual cerebral arterial pulsatility on best medical treatment after TIA or minor stroke

Cerebral arterial pulsatility is strongly associated with cerebral small vessel disease and lacunar stroke yet its dependence on central versus local haemodynamic processes is unclear. In a population-based study of patients on best medical managment, 4–6 weeks after a TIA or non-disabling stroke, arterial stiffness and aortic systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures were measured (Sphygmocor). Middle cerebral artery peak and trough flow velocities and Gosling’s pulsatility index were measured by transcranial ultrasound. In 981 participants, aortic and cerebral pulsatility rose strongly with age in both sexes, but aortic diastolic pressure fell more with age in men whilst cerebral trough velocity fell more in women. There was no significant association between aortic systolic or diastolic blood pressure with cerebral peak or trough flow velocity but aortic pulse pressure explained 37% of the variance in cerebral arterial pulsatility, before adjustment, whilst 49% of the variance was explained by aortic pulse pressure, arterial stiffness, age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, arterial stiffness partially mediated the relationship between aortic and cerebral pulsatility. Overall, absolute aortic pressures and cerebral blood flow velocity were poorly correlated but aortic and cerebral pulsatility were strongly related, suggesting a key role for transmission of aortic pulsatility to the brain.     

中药熏洗(浴)疗法临床外用技术规范(草案)

熏洗(浴)疗法临床应用广泛,但方法各异。基于对熏洗(浴)疗法已有临床应用的数据挖掘与分析,结合临床应用实际和相关现代研究,经相关领域专家多次论证,形成中药熏洗(浴)疗法临床应用技术规范(草案)。该规范(草案)包括适应症、禁忌症、用药前评估、用药前准备、药液制备、熏洗温度、熏洗时间、熏洗频率、熏洗疗程、操作方法、用药后处理及评估、注意事项、常见不良反应及应对措施等,以期规范中药熏洗(浴)疗法的临床应用,提高临床疗效,减少不良反应。     

Special issue — Commemoration of the 100th Birthday of Academician Zhicen Lou will be published soon

Special issue — Commemoration of the 100th Birthday of Academician Zhicen Lou will be published soon.     

肿瘤突变负荷检测及临床应用中国专家共识（2020年版）

 肿瘤突变负荷（tumor mutational burden，TMB）作为一个新兴的生物标志物，在预测肿瘤免疫治疗疗效中的作用越来越受到重视。目前TMB的检测方法主要是基于高通量测序平台的全外显子测序和靶向Panel测序的拟合算法，但检测方法、阈值和报告格式缺乏统一标准。此外，TMB值在不同癌种中存在显著差异，也为该标志物在临床中规范应用带来困难。本共识围绕TMB的定义、临床意义、检测标准化及与其他免疫标志物如PD-L1、dMMR/MSI-H的关系等要点，结合中国实践，为临床提供8条TMB检测及应用共识推荐。希望本专家共识可以提高临床医师及检测人员对TMB临床意义及检测规范的认识，从而更加准确地解读检测结果，为患者提供更优质的临床服务。